Sexually transmitted diseases – the 6 most common. How to recognize them?

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections that are primarily spread through sexual contact—vaginal, anal, and oral. In recent years, there has been an increase in STD cases, driven by insufficient sexual education, inconsistent use of protection, and a higher number of sexual partners. Early diagnosis and treatment of STDs are essential, as untreated infections can lead to serious complications, including infertility, cancer, and even life-threatening conditions. Below, we present the most common sexually transmitted infections and their symptoms.

Sexually transmitted diseases

1. Chlamydia

Chlamydia is one of the most common bacterial STDs, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. It often occurs without symptoms—especially in women—so many people may not realize they are infected.

Symptoms in women may include:

• Abnormal vaginal discharge,
  
• Burning sensation when urinating,
  
• Lower abdominal pain,
  
• Bleeding between periods or after intercourse.
  

Symptoms in men:

• Discharge from the penis,
  
• Pain or burning during urination,
  
• Testicular pain.
  

If left untreated, chlamydia can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease in women and epididymitis in men.

2. Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea is another common bacterial infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The infection can affect the genitals, rectum, and throat.

In women, gonorrhea often shows no symptoms, but may include:

• Yellowish or greenish vaginal discharge,
  
• Lower abdominal pain,
  
• Bleeding between periods.
  

In men:

• Pus-like discharge from the penis,
  
• Painful or burning urination,
  
• Swollen or painful testicles.
  

Untreated gonorrhea can lead to serious complications such as infertility and joint infections.

3. Syphilis

Syphilis is a bacterial infection caused by Treponema pallidum. It progresses in several stages and symptoms vary widely.

Stages of syphilis:

• Primary stage: A single, painless sore (chancre) appears at the site of infection—usually on the genitals, anus, or mouth. The sore heals on its own, which can mislead the patient.
  
• Secondary stage: Skin rash (often on hands and feet), fever, muscle aches, and swollen lymph nodes.
  
• Latent and tertiary stage: Years later, untreated syphilis may cause severe damage to internal organs, the nervous system, and the heart.
  

Syphilis is especially dangerous because it can remain asymptomatic for long periods and cause irreversible harm.

4. Genital herpes (HSV-2)

Genital herpes is caused by the HSV-2 virus (less commonly HSV-1). The infection may be asymptomatic or appear as painful blisters in the genital area.

Symptoms:

• Burning, itching, or pain in the genital area,
  
• Fluid-filled blisters that rupture and form ulcers,
  
• Fever and malaise during the first outbreak.
  

Although herpes cannot be cured, antiviral medications help reduce symptoms and the frequency of outbreaks.

5. Human papillomavirus (HPV)

HPV is the most common viral sexually transmitted infection. There are many types of HPV—some cause genital warts, while others are associated with cancers (e.g., cervical, anal, or throat cancer).

Symptoms:

• Wart-like lesions in the genital, anal, or oral area,
  
• Often asymptomatic—HPV may only be detected during Pap smears or colposcopy.
  

Vaccines are available for the most dangerous (oncogenic) HPV types and are recommended especially before the onset of sexual activity.

6. HIV 

HIV damages the immune system and can lead to AIDS. The infection may remain symptomless for years.

Early symptoms (2–6 weeks after infection):

• Fever,
  
• Sore throat,
  
• Swollen lymph nodes,
  
• Rash.
  

Over time, HIV weakens the immune system, leading to opportunistic infections and cancer. Thanks to modern antiretroviral therapy (ART), people with HIV can live long and healthy lives if treatment begins early.

How to protect yourself?

The most effective prevention method is consistent use of condoms during every sexual encounter—vaginal, oral, or anal. It’s equally important to get tested regularly for STDs, especially when changing partners or noticing any unusual symptoms.

Vaccination is also worth considering—particularly for HPV and hepatitis B, which can also be transmitted sexually.

Summary

Sexually transmitted diseases are a common and serious public health concern. However, with proper prevention and early treatment, their consequences can be minimized. Awareness, responsibility, and openness with healthcare professionals are key. If you notice any alarming symptoms—don’t wait. Intimate health is just as important as any other aspect of your well-being.

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