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Gonorrhea still a dangerous disease, also known as “the clap,” is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Although often associated with past decades, it remains a serious public health concern – both in Poland and globally. In recent years, the number of gonorrhea cases has been on the rise, and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains is making treatment increasingly challenging.
This article takes a closer look at gonorrhea – its symptoms, transmission, treatment options, and, most importantly, how to prevent it.
What is gonorrhea?
Gonorrhea is a bacterial infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, commonly known as gonococcus. The bacteria attack mucous membranes in the genital tract, rectum, throat, and even the eyes. The infection is most commonly transmitted through sexual contact – vaginal, anal, or oral – with an infected person. It can also be passed from an infected mother to her baby during childbirth.
Who is at risk?
Anyone who engages in unprotected sex can contract gonorrhea. Those at higher risk include:
- People with multiple sexual partners
- Individuals who do not use condoms
- Those engaging in anonymous sex
- Men who have sex with men (MSM)
- People with other STDs, such as HIV or chlamydia
Symptoms of gonorrhea still a dangerous disease
Symptoms of gonorrhea vary depending on sex and the site of infection. Many people are asymptomatic, which allows the disease to spread unknowingly.
In men:
- Burning or pain during urination
- Pus-like discharge from the penis (often yellow or green)
- Frequent urination
- Swollen or painful testicles (less common)
In women:
- Increased vaginal discharge
- Bleeding between periods
- Lower abdominal pain
- Pain during urination
- Painful intercourse
Rectal infection may cause itching, discharge, pain, or bleeding. Throat infections are often asymptomatic but may cause a sore throat resembling tonsillitis.
Complications – why gonorrhea should not be ignored
If left untreated, gonorrhea can lead to serious health problems. In women, it can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which may result in infertility, ectopic pregnancy, or chronic pelvic pain. In men, it may lead to epididymitis and, in rare cases, infertility.
The bacteria can also enter the bloodstream (disseminated gonococcal infection), causing joint pain, skin rashes, or even life-threatening systemic infections.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis involves collecting biological samples from potential infection sites – such as the urethra, cervix, rectum, or throat – and conducting lab tests. The most accurate and commonly used method is a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT).
Treatment – a growing challenge
Gonorrhea is a bacterial infection and can be treated with antibiotics. The standard treatment usually includes a single dose of ceftriaxone (given as an injection) along with another antibiotic, such as azithromycin. However, antibiotic resistance is an increasing concern.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), strains of “super gonorrhea” have emerged that are resistant to nearly all available antibiotics. This highlights the need for new treatment strategies and greater emphasis on prevention.
How to prevent gonorrhea
Preventing gonorrhea involves responsible sexual behavior:
- Use condoms – they significantly reduce the risk of infection
- Get tested regularly – especially if you have multiple partners
- Practice monogamy – reduces exposure to risk
- Avoid sexual contact with symptomatic individuals
- Talk openly with partners about sexual health and testing history
Gonorrhea and pregnancy
Gonorrhea during pregnancy can lead to serious complications such as miscarriage, premature birth, or newborn infections (e.g., gonococcal conjunctivitis, which can cause blindness). That’s why pregnant women – especially those in high-risk groups – should be tested during prenatal care.
Summary
Gonorrhea remains a dangerous disease that is easily transmitted and can cause severe complications if left untreated. While effective treatment is available, increasing antibiotic resistance is making management more difficult. That’s why prevention – through education, condom use, regular testing, and responsible behavior – is essential.
Ignoring symptoms or avoiding testing is risky. Early diagnosis means fast treatment and avoiding long-term health consequences. Gonorrhea is not just someone else’s problem – it can affect anyone. Knowledge and awareness are your best defense.
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Can you only get gonorrhea through vaginal sex?
No. Gonorrhea can also be transmitted through anal and oral sex. The bacteria can infect the throat, rectum, urethra, and cervix. Any unprotected sexual activity carries a risk of transmission.
Can you have gonorrhea without any symptoms?
Yes, many people – especially women – do not show any symptoms. This allows the infection to spread unknowingly, which is why regular STD testing is important, particularly if you have multiple partners.
How soon after exposure can gonorrhea be detected?
Symptoms usually appear within 2-10 days of exposure but may take longer. NAAT tests can often detect the infection within a few days, but for the most accurate results, it is recommended to wait at least 5-7 days before testing.
Is gonorrhea completely curable?
Yes, gonorrhea can be cured with the right antibiotics. However, it’s important to follow the treatment plan prescribed by a doctor, especially due to the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains. A follow-up test may be recommended to ensure the infection is fully cleared.
Can you get gonorrhea from a toilet seat or shared towel?
No. Neisseria gonorrhoeae cannot survive long outside the human body and does not spread via toilet seats, towels, or swimming pools. It is transmitted only through direct mucous membrane contact during sexual activity or from mother to child during childbirth.
