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Chlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide. Although it often develops without any symptoms, its long-term consequences can be serious – especially when it comes to negatively affecting fertility in both women and men. For this reason, chlamydia is often referred to as a “silent enemy of fertility”, as its presence can go unnoticed for years while quietly causing irreversible reproductive damage.
What is chlamydia?
Is an infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It is most commonly transmitted through sexual contact – vaginal, oral, or anal – with an infected person. It can also be passed from mother to child during childbirth.
According to the World Health Organization, there are over 100 million new cases of chlamydia worldwide each year, many of which go undiagnosed.
In women – a hidden danger
In women, often causes no noticeable symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include:
- Vaginal discharge,
- Burning during urination,
- Lower abdominal pain,
- Bleeding between periods or after intercourse,
- Pain during sex.
If left untreated, the infection can spread to the upper reproductive tract, causing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID may damage the fallopian tubes, leading to scarring, blockages, and an increased risk of infertility or ectopic pregnancy.
It’s estimated that 1 in 5 women with untreated chlamydia may experience fertility problems.
In men – less obvious, equally harmful
In men, the infection also frequently develops without symptoms. When symptoms are present, they may include:
- Burning during urination,
- Discharge from the penis,
- Testicular pain,
- Swelling of the scrotum.
Untreated can cause epididymitis, an inflammation of the tube that stores and carries sperm. This can lead to damage of the vas deferens, lowered sperm quality, and in some cases, male infertility.
While the impact of chlamydia on male fertility is not as extensively documented as in women, research suggests it can reduce sperm count and motility.
Why is so dangerous?
Can silently develop in the body for a long time without any symptoms, gradually damaging the reproductive organs. Because of this, many people do not seek treatment and unknowingly transmit the infection to their sexual partners.
Moreover, the complications it causes—such as blocked fallopian tubes or inflammation of the reproductive organs—can interfere with fertility treatment efforts and may require extensive medical intervention.
Diagnosis – when and how to get tested?
Testing is simple and painless. In women, a sample is taken from the vagina or cervix; in men, from the urethra. Increasingly, urine tests are used, which are just as accurate.
Regular screening is recommended, especially for:
- Sexually active individuals under 25,
- People with new or multiple sexual partners,
- Those not consistently using condoms,
- People planning to conceive,
- Anyone with a history of STIs.
It’s important to note that chlamydia tests are not part of routine gynecological or urological exams – they must be requested separately.
Treatment
The good news is that chlamydia is completely curable – usually with antibiotics such as azithromycin or doxycycline. Treatment typically lasts 1 to 7 days, depending on the prescribed regimen.
Sexual partners should also be treated, even if they have no symptoms. It’s crucial to abstain from sexual activity until treatment is completed to prevent reinfection.
Chlamydia and planning a pregnancy
For those trying to conceive, a history of untreated chlamydia can be a hidden obstacle. Tubal scarring, blockages, or damage to the vas deferens may cause infertility – even in the absence of obvious symptoms.
That’s why, before starting fertility planning, it’s advisable to undergo a full STI screening, especially if there was past exposure or unprotected sexual activity.
How to protect yourself?
The best protection against chlamydia (and other STIs) includes:
- Using condoms during all types of sexual contact,
- Regular screening, especially with new partners,
- Discussing STI history with sexual partners,
- Limiting the number of sexual partners.
Summary
Chlamydia is a serious threat to fertility, often developing without any warning signs. Both women and men can carry the infection for years without realizing it – until they face fertility issues.
Regular testing, awareness, and early treatment are key to preventing long-term damage. Modern medicine offers effective diagnostic and treatment options, but the most important steps are prevention and taking responsibility for your sexual health.
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Does chlamydia always cause symptoms?
No. Most people infected with regardless of gender – experience no symptoms. This makes the infection especially dangerous, as it can silently damage the reproductive system over time without alerting the person to its presence.
Can chlamydia cause infertility?
Yes. If left untreated, chlamydi can lead to serious complications. In women, it may cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), scarring, and blocked fallopian tubes. In men, it may result in epididymitis and damage to the sperm-carrying ducts. These conditions can significantly reduce the chances of natural conception.
How can I get tested for chlamydia?
Testing is simple and painless. It can be done using a swab (vaginal or urethral) or a urine sample, depending on the method used. You can request the test at a sexual health clinic, gynecologist, urologist, or lab. Keep in mind, it’s not a standard part of routine check-ups, so you must ask for it specifically.
Is chlamydia curable?
Yes, is completely treatable with antibiotics – typically azithromycin or doxycycline. It’s important that both partners undergo treatment and abstain from sex until it’s completed to avoid reinfection.
How can I protect myself from getting chlamydia?
The best ways to protect yourself include: consistently using condoms during all types of sex, getting tested regularly, especially when starting a new relationship, discussing STI testing with your partner, limiting your number of sexual partners.
